Notice of Update ~ RLM 02 & RLM 63 Graus

Updated the analysis of RLM 02 colour with a comparison of the Kiroff sample to measured samples of three well known RLM 02 hobby paints and to measured samples of RLM 63.

Kiroff sample RLM 02: 7.3 Y 5.0/1.2
Testors RLM 02: 8.1 Y 5.3/0.9
GSI Creos RLM 02: 7.8 Y 5.3/0.8
LifeColor RLM 02: 7.8 Y 5.2/1.5

Kiroff RLM 63: 2.8 GY 5.0/1.1
Merrick RLM 63: 6.0 GY 4.7/0.9
Monogram RLM 02: 7.6 Y 5.0/1.2

There seems to be a misperception about the appearance of RLM 63 in some discussions whereby it is presumed to be a light, neutral grey. It is rather a cool grey-green and is similar to the cool grey-green of several hobby paints which purport to be RLM 02!

Image credits: rendered colour chips from photospectrometrically measured L*a*b* values to sRGB © 2011 "Straggler"

More about JAAF # 7 Ohryoku nana go shoku 黄緑七号色 - yellow green no.7 colour

A JAAF paint colour that can still be confusing for artists and modellers is the late war olive brown # 7. Previously described as "late war brown", "Home Defence khaki", "khaki black", "deep green brown" and several other approximate descriptions, it has been depicted as everything from a strong reddish-brown to a dark, chocolate brown hue. Factory painting with this colour was ordered for all Army aircraft in June 1944 but did not begin on most factory production lines until August/September that year and in some cases later, such as for Hayate, in approximately October 1944. An advisory marking for the finish, a "cartouche" giving coded warning about the inflammability of the cellulose-benzine paint, was at first usually applied to the port rear fuselage but is not always visible in photographs and in any case was not continued as part of the factory painting. On Kawasaki aircraft this marking usually consisted of four characters 迷彩塗料 (mei sai to ryou - literally "illusion colouring paint material" meaning "camouflage paint) stenciled within a rectangular box but varied from manufacturer to manufacturer.

The official name "yellow-green" provides the clue, because it is a yellow infused olive green or olive brown exactly similar to the British khaki drab battledress of WWII. "No.7" was probably included in the description to differentiate it from another yellow-green colour # 29 (黄緑色 - ki midori iro) - a "pea green" hue used to paint interior parts and drop tanks. The variable range of the olive brown # 7 paint colour typically runs from the strong olive of 7.5 Y 3/3 to the barely olive brown of 2.5 Y 3/2. The closest FS to both extremes of this range is 33070, but this value is not quite green enough for the "olive" end of the range and not quite brown enough for the "brown" end. The closest FS comparisons to this range of colours generally lack the warm (and strong) yellowish-green chroma and the same is true of many hobby paints.

Some Japanese researchers  suggest an FS equivalent of 30118 for this paint colour, especially for Mitsubishi-built aircraft, but that does not seem typical of the colour on the whole, except possibly for a very badly faded example at the extreme "brown" end of the range. The idea probably originates from the N. Shimoune colour matching of Munsell 2.5 Y 4/2.8 for the upper surface paint of the Ki-67 and Ki-46 III. FS 30118 is similar to this Munsell value but not the closest (that is FS 33105 @ 3.61). This warm, yellowish brown hue stands out rather starkly from the general character of the olive brown colour represented by the rendered chips shown here. The same researcher suggested 7.5 Y 3/1.5 for the upper surface colour of the Tachikawa-built Ki-43-III Ko, Ki-54, Ki-74 and Ki-94, which moves in the opposite direction, towards a rather dark variation of # 7.

At the olive end of the # 7 range the green chroma appears quite strong until it is compared directly to the pure olives typical for example of JAAF paint colour # 21 green (緑色 - midori iro) which appears in several hobby paint ranges as "IJA Green" at which point the difference can be appreciated. The colour is highly metamerismic as may be seen from the juxtaposition of the olive extreme to pure brown (in this case tea brown (茶褐色 - chakasshoku) and the brown extreme to pure olive green. It is the green/brown conflation of this colour range which causes the most difficulty in visualising it, with a tendency to perceive it either as a definite green or more usually as a definite brown.

The reason for this is/was two fold. Firstly, the metamerismic qualities meant that the same colour seen against, say, a bright green grass field or tree line might look more brown to an observer, whilst when seen against, say, a dusty, sun-baked earth field it might appear more olive green. Secondly, as with the RFC PC10 of WWI the proportion of constituent precipitated ferric oxide pigment to cellulose binder affected the degree of "brown" appearance. The pigment itself was precipitated from a yellow ochre to a reddish brown hue and the manufacturing methodology at the time probably introduced an inevitable inconsistency in the final product. 

Compared to US Olive Drab the colour, though similar, is somewhat richer and more intense but in service it faded rapidly to a lighter khaki drab, representative of the somewhat unsaturated colour values of FS 34088 or Thorpe's A2. Waxed and polished the paint took on a darker, greener hue. Very dark variants, such as that found on the Kizarazu sample from Sgt Maj Yasuo Takeshi's Ki-100 begin to approach a dark greyish brown, almost towards charcoal in appearance, and which are described in Japanese as 黒褐色 (kuro kasshoku) - meaning black(ish) brown colour. 

After February 1945 the # 7 colour was subsumed within the new 8609 consolidated paint colour standard for Army and Navy aircraft as colour 1-1, (significantly part of the "Greens" section). The 1-1 colour has been matched to be about mid way between Munsell 7.5 Y 3/1 (which is towards the black(ish) brown, and 7.5 Y 4/2, but I have not been able to confirm this by a measured value. The colour equates to approximately 7.5 Y 3.5/1.6 which is close to the Tachikawa factory paint colour and our old friend FS 33070.

An important colour for Japanese aircraft artists and modellers, # 7 and 1-1 was the late-war factory paint colour for the Ki-43-III Ko, Ki-45, Ki-54, Ki-61, Ki-74, Ki-84, Ki-94, Ki-100, Ki-102, Ki-109 and Ki-67. There is more to it than simply "IJA Green", but as with most Japanese colours to understand the "character" of the paint colour and to accept its variations are a better route than agonising over an exact and precise colour. 

Image credits: All rendered colour chips © Straggler 2011

Notice of Update

Updated and corrected Useful Colours ~ Army Interiors Part One and Useful Colours ~ Army Interiors Part Two to include the Japanese characters for the colour descriptions and new/revised information.

Part Three to follow.